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মঙ্গলবার, ১৯ ফেব্রুয়ারী, ২০১৩
শনিবার, ১৯ জানুয়ারী, ২০১৩
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বৃহস্পতিবার, ১৭ জানুয়ারী, ২০১৩
Table of education budget of Bangladesh
Table: 1
Trends
in the Level of Central Government Expenditure on Education
(Percentage
of GDP*)
Fiscal Year
|
Revenue Expenditure
|
Development Expenditure
|
Total Expenditure
|
1973-1980 average
|
0.63
|
0.27
|
0.9
|
1981-1985 average
|
0.73
|
0.23
|
1.0
|
1986-1990 average
|
1.03
|
0.30
|
1.3
|
1991
|
1.06
|
0.16
|
1.2
|
1992
|
1.14
|
0.21
|
1.4
|
1993
|
1.34
|
0.47
|
1.8
|
1994
|
1.36
|
0.66
|
2.0
|
1995
|
1.30
|
1.06
|
2.4
|
1996
|
1.30
|
0.83
|
2.1
|
1997
|
1.30
|
0.90
|
2.2
|
1998
|
1.39
|
0.77
|
2.2
|
Source:
BBS and various budget documents, quoted in World Bank,(1999)
*
Based on the revised national accounts series.
Table:
2
Percentage
Distribution of Public Revenue and Development Expenditures on Education by
Sub-Sectors
Fiscal Years
|
Primary
|
Secondary
|
Technical
|
University
|
NFE
|
Others
|
Total
|
Revenue Expenditures
|
|||||||
91/92
|
48.2
|
36.8
|
2.4
|
8.5
|
-
|
4.1
|
100
|
92/93
|
44.6
|
40.6
|
2.3
|
7.9
|
-
|
4.6
|
100
|
93/94
|
45.4
|
42.3
|
2.3
|
8.2
|
-
|
1.8
|
100
|
95/96
|
43.8
|
42.6
|
2.1
|
8.0
|
-
|
3.6
|
100
|
96/97
|
43.5
|
42.9
|
2.1
|
7.9
|
-
|
3.6
|
100
|
97/98
|
43.0
|
46.5
|
1.5
|
7.4
|
-
|
1.6
|
100
|
98/99 (B)
|
41.6
|
48.4
|
1.4
|
7.1
|
-
|
1.5
|
100
|
Development Expenditures
|
|||||||
91/92
|
40.1
|
23.5
|
7.3
|
22.3
|
-
|
6.8
|
100
|
92/93
|
66.0
|
20.5
|
2.1
|
7.1
|
1.2
|
3.1
|
100
|
93/94
|
68.2
|
18.9
|
1.9
|
9.3
|
0.9
|
0.8
|
100
|
94/95
|
52.6
|
41.0
|
0.4
|
0.8
|
2.7
|
2.5
|
100
|
95/96
|
45.6
|
43.6
|
0.6
|
3.7
|
2.9
|
3.6
|
100
|
96/97
|
24.2
|
57.4
|
1.7
|
10.9
|
4.7
|
1.1
|
100
|
97/98
|
26.8
|
45.2
|
2.2
|
13.3
|
9.2
|
3.3
|
100
|
98/99 (B)
|
47.3
|
32.4
|
3.3
|
5.3
|
8.6
|
3.1
|
100
|
Source:
Revised budget estimates from Demands for Grants and Appropriations
(Non-Development) 1991-99 and ADP 1991-99, as
quoted in World Bank,(1999)
B=
Budget estimates
Budget for Education in Bangladesh
Education in Bangladesh is mainly funded by the state. Government allocations to the education sector from revenue and development budgets primarily finance educational expenses. Given the low revenue / GDP, the government, however, is highly dependent on external sources to finance its development budget. Foreign aid finances more than 50 percent of government development expenditure in education.
The total costs of public primary schools are borne by the government. Also, the government pays 90 percent of teacher salaries based NGO, registered primary schools. In addition, private schools also receive government grants for the repair of school building. The Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) finds the school to receive donations and disburses the money. Students in government and non-government registered schools will receive free textbooks.
Virtually all expenses public high schools are paid by the government that students only pay a nominal fee. Non-government secondary schools also receive substantial support from the government. The government pays 90 percent of the basic salaries, rent and medical benefits to teachers appointed to positions of all non-governmental sanctioned schools. The government also provides grants for construction and occasional maintenance, training of teachers in training institutes and stipend to female students of classes VI to X of schools located in non-municipal areas. Student fees and income from other sources to meet the needs of remaining resources.
Although the government has virtually all the costs of public elementary and secondary schools, and also provides free textbooks to primary school students, there are still other costs such as uniforms, school supplies, transportation, etc. Those still have to be borne by the parents. Moreover, in a country like Bangladesh, where nearly half the population lives below the poverty line, the opportunity cost of education in terms of lost revenue that could be derived from child labor is not negligible. So the government had to intervene with programs such as food for education, the Major Project Stipend and stipends for high school students.
Public universities, which charge nominal fees for enrollment of students, are almost entirely funded by the state .. Private universities rather not receive government funding, and implementing their academic programs charge high tuition rates for students. Table 1 shows the level of central government expenditure on education, while Table 2 shows the distribution of income and development expenditure on education per sub.
Education History of Bangladesh
Through history, Bangladesh has gone through various phases of education systems. Since the days of the British Empire Pakistani regime and, finally, the system of Bangladesh, education has evolved not only in methods, but also in key areas such as language and governance.
During British rule, education was reserved primarily for the rich class. The language of teaching English as a school was religious nuns and other British people. The few Indians who were lucky enough to receive education were from wealthy families (Nawabs) or whose family had ties to the British governing body. For one to receive higher education, a college degree to become a professional, you had to attend school in England. Such was the case of the famous Indian Mahatma Gandhi, who traveled to London to study law. As the natives were treated as second-class citizens, private education was largely in the general population.
After the British had left the Indian subcontinent, the territory now known as Bangladesh was under Pakistani regime as the state of East Pakistan. Education during this period was still very poor, but those who have the means to acquire it were no longer considered second-class citizens. The language of the state, however, was Urdu: the native language of Pakistan. In the eastern region of Pakistan, was the native language Bengali and Urdu not. Therefore, a conflict over language was eminent. School systems were largely worked in the English language as some schools, such as Santa Cruz and Cadet numerous schools were taught by the British and even the nuns. However, in order to obtain government jobs, one had to know Urdu as the state language was. Bengals did not want to learn Urdu as forced to submit their rights to the Pakistanis. So, after a long tongue movement and bloody, the Bengalis had Bengali language practice in their own homeland. So, to recap, during the Pakistani era, the education system is mainly due to indoctrinate students to the Urdu language.
After the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971, the People's Republic of Bangladesh became an independent nation, free to choose their own educational destination. In Bangladesh was, and remains, a secular state, many forms of education were allowed to coexist. The wonderful British system was, and still is, largely practiced. In fact, at present, the education system of Bangladesh is divided into three distinct branches. Students are free to choose any of them, provided they have the means. These branches are: a) The Middle English, b) Bengali medium, and c) the religious power.
The Middle English
British rule in the Indian subcontinent is still very influential as the second official language of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc, are still English. Bangladesh Students have the right to attend school in the middle of English, where courses are taught in English all the use of books in English except Bengali and courses offered religious field in Bengali and Arabic . However, English medium schools are mostly private and therefore reserved for the rich class. After three years of kindergarten, students must successfully pass through ten degrees to be eligible for writing ordinary level examinations, also called O-Levels. Then after a year of study, students can write the Advanced Level (A-Level) examinations. Both routines are offered to students of Arts and Sciences students. Joints Levels and A-levels in England are prepared and are common to all countries in the world at the same time. To write these exams, students must go to the British Council in Dhaka (capital of Bangladesh). Once the tests are written, they are sealed in envelopes and sent to England for correction. After A-levels, students are free to choose their subjects in universities, but most tend to leave the country to study abroad.
Bengali Medium
Alternative for Middle Bengali English is the medium, which is offered by the government. In the Bengali medium, all courses are offered in Bengali, with the exception of English courses and course Religious. Tuition is minimal compared to English schools, but still vary widely among schools. For example, a public school for the children of Army officers is more likely to be more expensive than a public school in a poor village. But everyone has the right to attend these schools, as long as you meet the minimum criteria. After three years of preschool students in Bengali means do five years of primary school. Then go to high school for fifth grade to tenth grade. At the end of tenth grade, you have to write the matriculation examination, which is common to all the world the same year he graduated from Bangladesh. These tests are divided into regional boards to manage and write exams of students in different schools as indicated by their respective boards. Once completed, these tests are corrected by teachers across the country and the ranking is published in the newspaper. There are three divisions for the results. The first division is composed of students who received grades of 60 percent or more. The second division is for students with an average of 45 percent to 59 percent. The third division is for students who have an average of 33 percent to 44 percent. Below 33 percent is considered a failure and students in this category are forced to re-write the exam next year. Students get 80 percent or more are given special recognition.
Religious power
Bangladesh is a very poor country, with millions of homeless children. To educate these children, not religious institutions called "Madrashas" where these children are protected, fed and taught the ways of Islam by priests. These children learn the scripts of the Qur'an and regular prayers. Madrashas are generally linked to the mosques and children often serve the Mosque. Subsidy to these institutions are very low, often these establishments depend on public donations and grants to mosques. Advanced studies of such establishments are nearly nonexistent and at maturity, children tend to be priests and other religious figures. Islam plays a dominant role in the education systems of Bangladesh. In all branches, is required by the government since 1983 to teach Islamic studies. Therefore, children learn to read Arabic from a very early age. However, non-Muslim students are not required to learn the Koran and regularly can be excused from Islamic courses.
The above are the main branches of the system of education in Bangladesh. Besides these, there are other disciplines such as schools and boarding schools cadets, where children are taught primarily under the military regime to join the national army after graduation. Even then, the common tests are still needed by students under these systems.
Technical and Vocational education management
The Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) is responsible for the planning, development and implementation of technical and vocational education in the country. The curriculum is implemented by BTEB.
Engineering Universities in Bangladesh notables:
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka
Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur
Military Institute of Science and Technology
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka
Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka
The renowned universities of Bangladesh Engineering:
Sylhet Engineering College
Mymensingh Engineering College.
Begumgonj Textile Engineering College, Noakhali
Pabna Textile Engineering College
Bangladesh College of Leather Engineering and Technology
Primary and secondary level management
The primary and secondary levels of education are controlled by the seven General Education Boards, each covering a region. Head gaskets are in Barisal, Comilla Chittagong, Dhaka, Jessore Dinajpur, Rajshahi and Sylhet. In addition, the Madrasah Education Board covers religious education in government-registered madrasas, and the Technical Education Board controls technical and vocational secondary education.
Eight regional basis Boards Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) are responsible for the realization of the three public examinations, the Secondary School Certificate (JSC), Secondary School Certificate (ESC) and Degree Secondary School (HSC), plus give recognition to NGOs, schools.
In schools, in the case of non-government schools secondary School Management Committees (SMC), and intermediate university level, in the case of non-governmental schools, governing bodies (GB), formed according to government guidelines, are responsible for mobilizing resources, approving budgets, control costs, and the appointment and discipline of staff. While teachers of non-government secondary schools are recruited by concerned SMCs observing relevant government rules, teachers in public secondary schools are recruited centrally by the DSHE to
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